Our Habitat

b Earth - our planet apt survive the straight space
third planet in the solar system, there is a satellite called the moon, the Earth's atmosphere from the rank of the sun protection and proper, is an important condition for the origin of life. The Earth is the third from the sun far planet, is also the diameter of the largest and the largest share of rocky planets, but also the subsistence of the only known living planet. Earth's rock and metal show that it is composed of a typical panel, pushing the panel, so the coalition will earthquakes, volcanoes and other activities. Earth's atmosphere and with a protective layer, it can stop the radiation from the sun are adverse to human and to discourage the meteor impact planet's surface, in addition, can accumulate enough heat to discourage the temperature dropped sharply . Earth's surface is water circled by seventy percent, failed to find the surface of other planets such liquid fashions of water.
mm normal satellite of the Earth has a moon, it is massive ample to these two objects as a double planet system.
earth is the direct space we live. The Earth is one of the solar system eight planets, the human planet. Earth's solar system belongs to the Milky Way. by Venus and Mars. is from the sun in the solar system the third near the planet. have a satellite. The Earth is as yet the only planet with life individual.
cosmic environment in which the Earth is the megalopolis of the macrocosm, the earth environment, from understanding the macro and micro level . macro level refers to the earth in the celestial system, the location of the solar system the Earth-Moon system m m m absolute Milky Way galaxy; the micro level refers to the Earth's position in the solar system. In infinite space, the earth just a drop in the sea, it is in restless movement.
a) of the Earth Data:
Age: 46 million years
orbital period: 365.25 days
circulation cycle: 23. hours 56 minutes 4 seconds (average solar time)
volume: 1.0832 trillion cubic meters
Quality: 60 trillion tons
average density: 5.50 grams / cubic centimeter
Equatorial radius: 6,378.140 km < br> polar radius: 6,356.755 km
surface area: 5.1 million square kilometers
marine area: 3.61 million square kilometers
Air: The main ingredients: nitrogen (78.5%) and oxygen (21%)
the crust: major components: oxygen (47%), silicon (28%) and aluminum (8%)
satellites: one (the moon)
29% of the land on the planet, 71% is ocean. global land tin be divided into 7 continents: Asia, Africa, Europe, Oceania, South USA, North America and Antarctica. global ocean can be divided into four oceans; the Pacific, Atlantic, Indian Ocean and the Arctic Ocean.
b) structure of the earth the circle
Earth and the Earth circle the outer ring is divided into inner Earth two parts. Earth's outer ring can be further divided into four elementary spheres, that, the atmosphere, hydrosphere, biosphere and lithosphere; Earth's inner circle can be further divided into three basic spheres, namely, the mantle ring, ring, and the liquid outer core, solid inner core circle. In addition, in the earth between the outer and the Earth's inner circle there is a soft flow, it is the Earth between the outer and inner planet a transitional spheres, in the average depth beneath the surface about 150 km. In this path, the plenary planet, including a total of eight spheres, including the lithosphere, the asthenosphere and the earth attach constitute the so-called inner solid Earth.
to Earth the outer ring of the atmosphere, hydrosphere and biosphere, and lithosphere surface, routinely by direct observation and dimension method is used. The inner earth, the main use of geophysical methods, such as seismic, gravity and high accuracy of modern space geodetic techniques to study the observed inversion. Earth in the distribution of the spheres have a amazing characteristic, that is, the surface of the solid Earth and the sky above is basically a parallel distribution of upper and lower, and in the proximity of the Earth's surface , the surround is the mutual penetration or even overlapping, of which the maximum remarkable performance of the biosphere, emulated by the hydrosphere.
the composition of Earth's atmosphere, 77% and 21% nitrogen, oxygen, again is the small amount of argon, carbon dioxide and water vapor. Earth's early atmosphere was probably formed mostly carbon dioxide, but most of them have been to the composition of carbonate rocks, is integrated into the rest of the green sea and was exhausted; now and biological role of Plate Tectonics rise and fall of atmospheric carbon dioxide is the main who sustained. the atmosphere in the presence of track carbon dioxide, water vapor and the greenhouse effect caused by the surface temperature is very important to maintain the role of the greenhouse effect to surface temperature has increased by about 35 ℃, otherwise the average temperature of the surface is the depth of -21 ℃! if there is no water vapor and carbon dioxide, water will freeze and life as we know it will be impossible to carry out pattern. In addition, water vapor is Earth's water cycle and climate change an integral part of the main actors. < br> There namely too free oxygen geochemical characteristics of a important, because oxygen is highly reactive gases, just to mention, and the atmosphere ought be very easy to phase in the other units combined, the oxygen ashore world produced entirely at biological processes and preserve If there is not life there will be no free oxygen.
tidal coerce between the Earth and Moon Earth's rotation period will increase by almost 2 milliseconds per century, the latest learn showed that 900 million years ago, merely 18 hours a daytime, The year is 481 days. Earth's magnetic field has a moderate, suggesting that the magnetic field is due to the current in the fluid outer kernel. As the solar wind with Earth's magnetic field and the interaction of the outer atmosphere, the aurora is gained; the imbalance of these factors poles in the ground activity caused by the current magnetic north pole is situated in the Northern Territory of Canada. Because the solar wind with Earth's magnetic field and the interaction of the outer atmosphere, the aurora is obtained.
Earth's catching field and its interaction with the solar air also occasioned the Van Allen radiation strap (Van Allen radiation belts), it is a ring nigh the Earth's coupled with, see like a donut, of gas ions (plasma), with the outer ring from an top of 19,000 km to 41,000 km; inner ring is between 13,000 to 7,600 km above sea level between.
the center of the earth eventually figure out the mystery: the Earth from outdoor to inside, and Gutenberg was Moho surface is divided into three layers are the crust, cloak and the core. crustal rocks are primarily mantle chiefly contains magnesium, iron and silicon peridotite, the core, which is the real heart of the Earth, mainly steel and nickel, where the temperature is over 2001 degrees Celsius.
Earth is the common home of mankind, but as science and technology development and economic expansion of the scale of the global environment over the quondam 30 years, continued to deteriorate. Some file denote that: Since the 1860 disc of meteorological observation equipment, the global average temperature rise tall of 0.6 degrees Celsius, the 13 warmest years since 1983 were .20 in the 80's, the global number of people affected by calamities each year an average of 147 million, and 90 to the 20th century, this diagram rises to 2.11 million. About 40% of the world's population, caustic water shortages, whether this trend is not curbed, in 30 years, extra than 55% of the global population will face water deficits. deterioration of the natural environment is also a solemn threat to wild category on the planet. Today, around 12% of bird species and a quarter of mammals threatened with extinction, meantime one-third of over-fishing has led to depletion of fish resources.
c) Earth Day
1970 年 4 月 22 日in the Pacific Ocean to the United States, people in order to solve environmental pollution problems, spontaneously set off a heavy mass environmental movement. On this day, the nation's 10,000 state schools, 2,000 campuses and universities and 2000 community and major groups totaling more than 2,000 people took to the avenues. It held up the polluted earth prototype,Figure 8, giant paintings, graphics, hurrahing slogans to protect the environment, at ***, gathering and speech, called on the Government to take amounts to protect environment. The grand event, shocked the verdict and against, prompting the U.S. government in the early 70s by the Water Pollution Control Act and the Clean Air Act amendments and the establishment of the United States Environmental Protection Agency. Since then, the U.S. non-governmental organizations intended to April 22 day as , the world's environmental protection go has made great progress.
1972 年 6 months, the United Nations convened a landmark meeting of the Human Environment, 1973,shanghai massage, created the United Nations Environment Programme, have been established in many countries the environmental management agencies and research institutions, environmental conservation was put on a lot of the national administration program, the environment has been widespread public care. in numerous major multinational meeting on environmental protection has become one of major issues, such as 44 conferences held in 1989, the General Assembly,beijing massage, the Non-Aligned Summit, the Commonwealth Summit, Summit seven western countries to consult environmental issues and so on, and adopted resolutions or manifestations on environmental protection. This shows that environmental protection has become international politics and international relations of the > As the international political environment has become a hot speck, the Earth Day 1990 organizers judged to make Earth Day in 1990 became the 1st international Earth Day, to make hundreds of millions of people are to actively partake in environmental protection. For this reason, the organizers of Earth Day activities, sent a letter to China, the United States, Britain and the United Nations Secretary-General of the chairmen, called for April 22, 1990 as the target appointment to prop high-level environmental meetings lay the basis for the conclusion of multilateral treaties. Calls upon States to take positive treads to approach an approval to halt and reverse the development trend of global environmental degradation. also called on the globe is willing to protect the environment, international cooperation, the Government, held in their br> to commemorate inhabitant an athletic part in deeds to amend the environment. , coincided to in 1990 as an international Earth Day Earth Day for the cause. Asia, Africa, the Americas, many countries and regions have reacted positively to systematize memorial activities. many international unions, such as the International Union of Students, Youth Association for Development and Cooperation , also expressed mighty advocate and athletic participation in earnings amounting to hundreds of millions of people. Since then, the to enhance resource development and coordinated development of environmental protection. China 90 years from the 20th century, the anniversary April 22 Earth Day events are held.
d) In recent years China's Earth Day theme
1974 Only One Earth < br> 1975 years of human living
1976 Water: Vital Resource for Life
1977 年 concerned about ozone depletion, soil erosion, soil degradation and deforestation
1978 Development Without Destruction
1979 years in order to mm of children and the hereafter development of
1980 did not destroy the new 10-year, new challenges mm Development Without Destruction
1981 Protection of groundwater and human food chain; Toxic Chemicals
1982 Anniversary Stockholm 10th Anniversary Conference on the Environment to heave environmental awareness
1983 mm year treatment and disposal of hazardous garbage; Acid Rain and Energy
1984 年 desertification
1985, Young, population, environment, the Environmental
1986 and peace
1987 live
1988 on Environment and Protection of the environment, sustainable development, public participation
1989 年 Global Warming!
1990 Children and the Environment, Climate Change
1991 mm need global cooperation
1992 mm Only One Earth, Care and Share
1993 Poverty and the Environment mm out of the vicious cycle
1994 One Earth One Family
1995 We the People United for Better World
1996 Our Earth, Our Habitat, Our Home
1997 Life on Earth
1998 Life on Earth mm Save Our Seas
1999 Our Earth, is to save the afterward
2000 2000 The Environment Millennium mm to Act!
2001 the World Wide Web of Life
2002 年 Give Earth a Chance
2003 年 treat the earth, protect the environment
2004 years to treat the Earth, the scientific development
2005 年 treat the Earth - the scientific development and agreeable
2006 年 treat the Earth - adore the resources, sustainable development
2007 年 treat the Earth - from the conservation of resources to start
2008: vegetarian on Earth Day a day. (cattle consume large amounts of Valley, beans, and consume large amounts of precious water; for grazing cattle and piglet, sacrificed maiden jungle, causing the greenhouse effect.
Second, eat (at home cooking, eating fair the right heaviness, take leftovers home).
3, refused to use styrofoam, and asked the snack or coffee shop using periodical glasses (styrofoam is a carcinogenic material, it also destroyed defend the Earth's ozone wafer. styrofoam coffee glasses, hit trays, a few hundred years, or refuse to continue to defile the context).
four, refused to buy high mountain tea, mountain vegetables (high mountain tea, mountain vegetables to Taiwan deforestation, destruction of mountain soil and water protection, can not play the function of storing water, and heavy use of pesticides and fertilizers, pollution of water sources and ponds in the ecology).
clothing:
one, recognizing clothing Source: 1. buy natural cotton , hemp and other natural materials (organic in nature), be recycled. 2. along to standard cleaning clothes to buy clothes and maintenance to amplify the life of clothes.
Second, the claim for the determination, according to: the number of laundry, the capacity of the home, lifestyle, economic status to resolve the four elements of clothing purchase frequency, as good control, not excessive (quality over amount).
Third, current clothes to dress tips:
1. self- cognitive: body, skin color, lifestyle attentions.
2. to find the fashionable focus on: such as width, color, etc., usually in a simple, good cut (D slit) the best performance out of the interaction between male and material relations.
3. Accessories because small size, changing, nice achieve, collecting easier, such as scarves, pins, belts, small quantity of clothing namely is reliable and clothing accessories to highlight the effect of masterpiece.
live:
a, the use of second-hand furniture (whether to purchase a house, hire an suite, more use of second-hand furniture, recycling can save resources, if in the office, the community, organizing normal second-hand thrift Internet commute flea markets, the environment, but also mutual assistance and promote friendship surrounded people).
Second, and more to do with the tree planting home decoration (home decoration do not do transitional preparation should be uncomplicated, natural conviction. home layout does not necessarily man-made materials , may hope to use the nature of natural materials. a variety of flowers and potted plants, try to use indigenous species, the home reside in the courtyard of the natural soil, use less cement, or hard of sidewalk).
three, please receptacles fraught with water, washing fruits and vegetables, dishes, brush your teeth, wash your face, to save precious water (China is the world ranking the Eighteenth-bit water-scarce countries, the current severe drought in southern Taiwan have been caught. France's current policy of promotion of water conservation a bath once a week; if our water consumption continues to worsen, we will face the same situation.
4 rooms of the power supply, air-conditioning concentrate use (for little as likely to open an air-conditioned chamber, who came from a attempt to converge on bureau, to dwindle air-conditioning, electric consumption).
line:
one, take the stairs, no elevator (alive in the building, whether in the office or home, if you do not hurry, we might try to walk car, test do not take the elevator with the stairs instead, saving stamina, but also sports and fitness).
Second, work out to hike, bike, use public transportation, less driving and riding motorcycles.
Other:
First, if you keep pets, amuse refuse to buy dogs and cats pest control circulate (while you throw the cats and dogs pest control circulate, the pesticide composition of the Earth's destruction is very strong, and the animal's body would cause serious harm) .
Second, refuse to buy products with the beast experiment (a lot of unnecessary animal tyranny program, in counting to a waste of taxpayer's taxes, resulting in natural genetic inheritance issues, the ecological environment of Taiwan is also a major health problem with no a lot of assist and promotion.
three, refusing to take or use a balloon (the balloon is very difficult to crash down the chemicals, which caused serious pollution on the planet, in addition, when the balloons drift away, could lead to wild animals (eagles, whales or sea turtles, the phenomenon of eating the die). (Note: China from June 1, 2008 onwards, in entire supermarkets, shopping malls, markets and other retail establishments to implement the system of paid use of plastic shopping bags, Consumer advocates carry heavy napkin tape, reiterate basket, reducing the use of plastic bags.)
vi)
the current world's altitude ten environmental problems, threatening the top ten environmental problems of human existence is:
(a) Global
warming and people population amplify in the increasing scale of product, unlock into the atmosphere of carbon dioxide (CO2), methane (CH4), nitrous oxide (N2O), chlorofluorocarbons (CFC) , carbon tetrachloride (CCl4), carbon monoxide (CO) and other greenhouse gases proceed to boost, leadership to changes in the combination of the atmosphere. affected climate quality, air is gradually warming. due to global warming, will be on global another effects, higher temperatures could thaw polar ice, sea class will ascend by 6 cm in 10 years, which will grant some coastal areas were submerged. global warming may affect rainfall and atmospheric propagation changes to unstable climate, could easily guide to droughts and torrents, which may lead to changes and havoc of ecosystems, global climate change will have a meaningful impact on person lives.
(b) of the ozone layer depletion and destruction
away from the Earth's surface from 10 to 50 km in the stratosphere 90% of the earth concentrated ozone gas in the ground 25 kilometers away from the highest ozone concentration, the formation of a thickness of about 3 mm layer of ozone concentration, known as the ozone layer. It can sponge the sun's ultraviolet rays to protect life on earth from extravagant UV abuse, and energy storeroom in the upper atmosphere, play a role in regulating climate. However, the ozone layer is a very fragile atmosphere, if you enter the number of ozone-depleting gases , they will, and ozone chemistry of the ozone layer will be destroyed. the ozone layer is destroyed, the ground would be to increase the intensity of ultraviolet radiation, life on the earth to bring excellent harm. research shows that ultraviolet radiation damage Biological proteins and genetic material DNA, causing compartment death; the increased occurrence of skin cancer in humans; damage eyes and cause blindness cataract leaving; quelled plants such as soybeans, melons, vegetables and other growth, and perceive 10 meters deep layer of water, slaying plankton and micro-organisms, thereby endangering the aquatic edible fetter and a source of free oxygen, affecting the ecological poise and water self-purification capacity.
(c) wastage of biodiversity
Diversity. years, due to fast population growth and irrational human resources development, paired with environmental pollution and other reasons, the Earth's various biological and ecological systems has been a great impact on biological variety has also been a lot of damage. For savants estimate that the world every year at fewest 50,000 varieties of species extinction, extinction of species per day up to 140, it is estimated the early 21st century, the loss of wildlife around the world up to the total number of 15% to 30%. In China, due to population growth and economic development oppressions, the unreasonable use of biological resources, and destruction, biodiversity losses suffered very serious, some more than 200 species have become extinct; estimated that approximately 5,000 species of plants in recent years have been endangered, these accounting for about 20% of the total number of higher plants; about 398 vertebrate species are also at the endangered status, accounting for about 7.7% of the total number of vertebrates. Therefore, protect and save biological diversity and the the living conditions of biological survival, is also ahead us an important mission.
(d) Acid Rain Acid rain refers to the scatter of
precipitation pH (PH value) of less than 5.6 rain, sleet or other forms of precipitation. This is a declaration of air pollution. Acid rain effects on the human environment in many ways. rain fall into creeks, lakes, will prevent water fish, shrimp growth, resulting in reduction or extinction of fish and shrimp; acid rain has also led to acidification, destruction of soil nutrients to the soil barren of harm plant growth, resulting in crop production, endangering the forest's growth. In addition, acid rain and also the corrosion of erection materials, pertinent information that indicates the final ten-year, a number of sites in acid rain area in particular,shanghai escort, stone, stone or bronze sculptures of the damage over the past hundred years or more, or even thousand years. the world are yet three major acid rain. acid rain in south China is not the only governance.
(e) Forest dropped
In today's Earth, Our green shade - the forest is 4000 square kilometers at an average annual rate of disappear. forests, water conservation function to reduce its damage, resulting in the cutback of species and soil erosion, reducing the absorption of carbon dioxide in turn exacerbate the greenhouse effect.
(f) desertification
60% of global land area, of which 29% area of ​​deserts and desertification. Every year 600 million hectares of land into desert. 423 million in economic losses each year . worldwide in arid and semi-arid land 50 million hectares, of which 3.3 billion was the threat of desertification. resulting in an annual 600 million hectares of farmland, 900 million hectares of pastoral lost productivity. the cradle of human civilization, the Tigris, the Euphrates ravine, the pregnant soil into a abandon. China's Yellow River The Yellow River ---- and soil erosion are very serious.
(g) air pollution
the chief ingredient of air pollution particulate stuff, carbon monoxide, ozone, carbon dioxide, nitrogen oxides and lead. Air pollution causes 30-70 million people every year die prematurely because of soot pollution, 25 million children suffering from continuing laryngitis, 400-700 million rural women and babies undergo.
(h) water pollution
Water is the best of our everyday needs, but also one of the greatest exposure to the substance, merely is now water has transform dangerous.
(IX) of marine pollution, coastal region
human activities of nitrogen and phosphorus by 50% - 200%; excess nutrients cause algal growth along the seashore; the Baltic Sea, North Sea, Black Sea, the East China Sea, ruddy tides happen. maritime pollution caused frequent incidence of ruddy tide, demolished mangroves, coral reefs, seagrass, the sharp drip in offshore fish and fishery losses ponderous.
(X)
transboundary movement of hazardous waste is defined in the hazardous waste other than radioactive waste, with the chemical movement or noxious, gunpowder, corrosive, and other human characteristics of the living environment of harmful waste. the United States Resource Conservation and Recovery Act stipulates that the so-called hazardous waste and solid waste is a medley of several solid, because of its high volume and concentration,shanghai escort, may cause or lead to increased human mortality, or cause serious or difficult to remedy ailments caused by residual waste.
vii) the earth's natural disasters
1. quake
2. Volcanic blast
3. mudslides
4. erosion
5. landslide
6 . tornado
7. Typhoon
8. tsunami
9. hail
10. storm wave
11. biological disasters
12. drought
13. flood
14 . cold
15.
landslide